The term third party is used in the United States for any and all political parties in the United States other than one of the two major parties (Republican Party and Democratic Party). The term can also refer to independent politicians not affiliated with any party at all and to write-in candidates.
Current U.S. third parties
This list does not include political organizations that do not run candidates for office but otherwise function similarly to third parties. For non-electoral political "parties", see here.
Largest (voter registration over 75,000)
- Libertarian Party - Libertarianism, laissez-faire, pro-civil rights, anti-war
- Green Party of the United States - Green politics, eco-socialism, progressivism
- Constitution Party - Social conservatism, religious right, paleoconservatism ul>
- America First Party
- Christian Liberty Party
- America's Party
- Independent American Party
- Conservative Party of New York
- Alaskan Independence Party
- American Populist Party
- Citizens Party
- Modern Whig Party
- Reform Party of the United States of America
- Veterans Party of America
- Unity Party of America
- Moderate Party of Rhode Island
- Independence Party of Minnesota
- Independent Party of Oregon
- Justice Party USA
- Working Families Party
- Socialist Party USA
- Communist Party USA
- Socialist Labor Party of America*
- Party for Socialism and Liberation
- Peace and Freedom Party
- Socialist Equality Party
- Socialist Workers Party
- Freedom Socialist Party
- Socialist Action
- Socialist Alternative
- Workers World Party
- Liberal Party of New York
- Oregon Progressive Party
- Vermont Progressive Party
- Liberty Union Party (Vermont)
- American Conservative Party
- Objectivist Party
- National Socialist Movement
- American Freedom Party
- Prohibition Party
- United States Marijuana Party
- United States Pirate Party
- Hawaii Independence Party
- New York State Right to Life Party
- Rent Is Too Damn High Party
- Third party (politics)
- Political party
- Third party (Canada)
- Ballot access
- Electoral College (United States)
- Proportional representation
- Voting rights
- Abramson Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Phil Paolino, and David W. Rohde. “Third-Party and Independent Candidates in American Politics: Wallace, Anderson, and Perot.†Political Science Quarterly 110 (1995): 349-367
- Argersinger, Peter H. The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and American Politics (University Press of Kansas, 1995)
- Berg, John C. “Beyond a Third Party: The Other Minor Parties in the 1996 Elections,†in The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties ed by Daniel M. Shea and John C. Green (3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), pp 212â€"28
- Berg, John C. “Spoiler or Builder? The Effect of Ralph Nader’s 2000 Campaign on the U.S. Greens.†in The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, (4th ed. 2003) edited by John C. Green and Rick Farmer, pp 323-336.
- Burden, Barry C. “Ralph Nader’s Campaign Strategy in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election.†American Politics Research 33 (2005): 672-699.
- Carlin, Diana B., and Mitchell S. McKinney, eds. The 1992 Presidential Debates in Focus (1994), includes Ross Parot
- Chace, James. 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs -The Election that Changed the Country (2009)
- Darsey, James. “The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic Ethos as Radical Argument.†Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 434-452.
- Epstein, David A. (2012). Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications. ISBN 978-0-578-10654-0
- Gillespie, J. David. Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics (University of South Carolina Press, 2012)
- Gould, Lewis L. Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics (2008)
- Green, Donald J. Third-Party Matters: Politics, Presidents, and Third Parties in American History (Praeger, 2010)
- Hazlett, Joseph. The Libertarian Party and Other Minor Political Parties in the United States (McFarland & Company, 1992)
- Herrnson, Paul S. and John C. Green, eds. Multiparty Politics in America (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997)
- Hesseltine, William B. Third-Party Movements in the United States (1962), Brief survey
- Hicks, John D. “The Third Party Tradition in American Politics.†Mississippi Valley Historical Review 20 (1933): 3-28. in JSTOR
- Hogan, J. Michael. “Wallace and the Wallacites: A Reexamination.†Southern Speech Communication Journal 50 (1984): 24-48. On George Wallace in 1968
- Jelen, Ted G. ed. Ross for Boss: The Perot Phenomenon and Beyond ((State University of New York Press, 2001)
- Koch, Jeffrey. “The Perot Candidacy and Attitudes Toward Government and Politics.†Political Research Quarterly 51 (1998): 141-153.
- Koch, Jeffrey. "Political Cynicism and Third Party Support in American Presidential Elections," American Politics Research 31 (2003): 48-65.
- Kruschke, Earl R. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in the United States (ABC-CLIO, 1991)
- Lee, Michael J. “The Populist Chameleon: The People’s Party, Huey Long, George Wallace, and the Populist Argumentative Frame.†Quarterly Journal of Speech2 (2006): 355-378.
- Mowry, George E. Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (1946), on 1912
- Rapoport, Ronald B., and Walter J. Stone. Three’s a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence (University of Michigan Press, 2005)
- Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Party Politics from the Nation's Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labor Party. Vol. 1. iUniverse, 2004.
- Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Parties During the Populist Period (2007) 506pp
- Richardson, Darcy G. A Toast to Glory: The Prohibition Party Flirts With Greatness 59pp
- Rohler, Lloyd. "Conservative Appeals to the People: George Wallace’s Populist Rhetoric." Southern Communication Journal 64 (1999): 316-322.
- Rohler, Lloyd. George Wallace: Conservative Populist (Praeger, 2004)
- Rosenfeld, Lawrence W. “George Wallace Plays Rosemary’s Baby.†Quarterly Journal of Speech 55 (1969): 36-44.
- Rosenstone, Steven J., Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazarus. Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure (2nd ed. Princeton University Press, 1996)
- Ross, Jack. The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History (2015) 824 pp
- Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of U.S. Political Parties (1973) multivolume compilation compilation includes essays by experts on the more important third parties, plus some primary sources
- Shepard, Ryan Michael. "Deeds done in different words: a genre-based approach to third party presidential campaign discourse." (PhD Dissertation, University of Kansas 2011) online
- Sifry, Micah L. Spoiling for a Fight: Third Party Politics in America (Routledge, 2002)
- The Importance of Ballot Access, essay by Richard Winger
- The Importance of Ballot Access, essay by Richard Winger
- Ballot Access News - Ballot Access news on all parties
- Free and Equal - Election Reform to end partisan duopoly
- Independent Political Report - Frequently updated source for third party news
Smaller parties by ideology
Right-wing
This section includes any party that advocates positions associated with American conservatism, including both Old Right and New Right tendencies.
State-only parties
Centrist
This section includes any party that is independent, populist, or any other that either rejects right-left politics or doesn't have a party platform.
State-only parties
Left-wing
This section includes any party that has a liberal (progressive), social democratic, or Marxist platform.
State-only parties
Libertarian
This section includes parties that primarily advocate libertarian policies, or otherwise general reductions in the size and power of the Federal government.
Ethnic nationalism
This section includes parties that primarily advocate for granting special privileges or consideration to members of a certain race, ethnic group, religion etc.
Also included in this category are various parties found in and confined to Indian reservations, almost all of which are solely devoted to the furthering of the tribes to which the reservations were assigned. An example of a particularly powerful tribal nationalist party is the Seneca Party that operates on the Seneca Nation of New York's reservations.
Single-issue/protest-oriented
This section includes parties that primarily advocate single-issue politics (though they may have a more detailed platform), and/or may seek to attract protest votes rather than to mount serious political campaigns or advocacy.
State-only parties
Notable elections
A number of third party, independent, and write-in candidates have performed well in many U.S. elections. Greens, Libertarians and others have elected state Legislators and local officials. The Socialists had 600 mayors at one time before World War I, including Milwaukee, Wisconsin; New Haven, Connecticut; Reading, Pennsylvania; and Schenectady, New York. There have been 20th Century governors elected as independents, and from such parties as Progressive, Reform, Farmer-Labor, Populist, and Prohibition. There were others in the century before. However, the United States has had a two-party system for over a century. The winner take all system for presidential elections and the single-seat plurality voting system for Congressional elections have over time created the two-party system (see Duverger's law).
Third party candidates very rarely win any elections. For example, such a candidate only won a U.S. Senate election twice (0.6%) since 1990. Therefore, it is very rare to have a national officeholder not affiliated with and endorsed by one of the two major parties. Currently, there are only two U.S. Senators (Angus King and Bernie Sanders), who are neither Democratic nor Republican, while no U.S. Representative hails from outside the major parties. Although third party candidates rarely actually win elections, they can have an effect on them. If they do well, they are often accused of having a spoiler effect. Sometimes they have won votes in the electoral college, as in the 1832 Presidential election. They can draw attention to issues that may be ignored by the majority parties. If such an issue finds acceptance with the voters, one or more of the major parties may adopt the issue into its own party platform. Also, a third party may be used by the voter to cast a protest vote as a form of referendum on an important issue. Third parties may also help voter turnout by bringing more people to the polls. Third party candidates at the top of the ticket can help to draw attention to other party candidates down the ballot, helping them to win local or state office. In 2004 the U.S. electorate consisted of an estimated 43% registered Democrats and 33% registered Republicans, with independents and those belonging to other parties constituting 25%.
The only three U.S. Presidents without a major party affiliation were George Washington, John Tyler, and Andrew Johnson, and only Washington served his entire tenure as an independent. Neither of the other two were ever elected president in their own right, both being vice presidents who ascended to office upon the death of a president, and both became independents because they were unpopular with their parties. John Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket in 1840 with William Henry Harrison but was expelled by his own party. Andrew Johnson was elected with Abraham Lincoln on the National Union ticket in 1864, after serving as Democratic Senator and Governor in Tennessee, but effectively governed as an independent as the new party floundered into oblivion.
Currently Bill Walker of Alaska is the only independent Governor in the United States, having defeated incumbent Republican Sean Parnell in the 2014 gubernatorial election. He is also the first independent Governor in since Alaska became a state (although not the first third party governor).
Barriers to third party success
Winner-take-all vs. proportional representation
In winner-take-all (or plurality-take-all), the candidate with the largest number of votes wins, even if the margin of victory is extremely narrow or the proportion of votes received is not a majority. Unlike in proportional representation, runners-up do not gain representation in a first-past-the-post system. In the United States, systems of proportional representation are uncommon, especially above the local level, and are entirely absent at the national level. In Presidential elections, the majority requirement of the Electoral College, and the Constitutional provision for the House of Representatives to decide the election if no candidate receives a majority, serves as a further disincentive to third party candidacies.
In the United States, if an interest group is at odds with its traditional party, it has the option of running sympathetic candidates in primaries. If the candidate fails in the primary and believes he has a chance to win in the general election he may form or join a third party. Because of the difficulties third parties face in gaining any representation, third parties tend to exist to promote a specific issue or personality. Often, the intent is to force national public attention on such an issue. Then one or both of the major parties may rise to commit for or against the matter at hand, or at least weigh in. H. Ross Perot eventually founded a third party, the Reform Party, to support his 1996 campaign. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt made a spirited run for the presidency on the Progressive Party ticket, but he never made any efforts to help Progressive congressional candidates in 1914, and in the 1916 election, he supported the Republicans.
Ballot access laws
Nationally, ballot access laws are the major challenge to third party candidacies. While the Democratic and Republican parties usually easily obtain ballot access in all fifty states in every election, third parties often fail to meet criteria for ballot access, such as registration fees. Or, in many states, they do not meet petition requirements in which a certain number of voters must sign a petition for a third party or independent candidate to gain ballot access. In recent presidential elections, Ross Perot appeared on all 50 state ballots as an independent in 1992 and the candidate of the Reform Party in 1996. (Perot, a multimillionaire, was able to provide significant funds for his campaigns.) Patrick Buchanan appeared on all 50 state ballots in the 2000 election, largely on the basis of Perot's performance as the Reform Party's candidate four years prior. The Libertarian Party has appeared on the ballot in at least 46 states in every election since 1980, except for 1984 when David Bergland gained access in only 36 states. In 1980, 1992, 1996 the party made the ballot in all 50 states and D.C. The Green Party gained access to 44 state ballots in 2000 but only 27 in 2004. The Constitution Party appeared on 42 state ballots in 2004. Ralph Nader, running as an independent in 2004, appeared on 34 state ballots. In 2008, Nader appeared on 45 ballots and D.C. For more information see ballot access laws.
Debate rules
Presidential debates between the nominees of the two major parties first occurred in 1960, then after three cycles without debates, took place again in 1976 and have happened in every election since. Third party or independent candidates have been included in these debates in only two cycles. Ronald Reagan and John Anderson debated in 1980, but incumbent President Carter refused to appear with Anderson, and Anderson was excluded from the subsequent debate between Reagan and Carter.
Debates in other state and federal elections often exclude Independent and third party candidates, and the Supreme Court has upheld such tactics in several cases. The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) is a private company. Independent Ross Perot was included in all three of the debates with Republican George H. W. Bush and Democrat Bill Clinton in 1992, largely at the behest of the Bush campaign. His participation helped Perot climb from 7% before the debates to 19% on Election Day.
Perot was excluded from the 1996 debates despite his strong showing four years prior. In 2000 revised debate access rules made it even harder for third party candidates to gain access by stipulating that, besides being on enough state ballots to win an Electoral College majority, debate participants must clear 15% in pre-debate opinion polls. This rule remained in place for 2004, when as many as 62 million people watched the debates, and is still in effect for 2008. The 15% criterion, had it been in place, would have prevented Anderson and Perot from participating in the debates they appeared in.
Major party marginalization
A third party candidate will sometimes strike a chord with a section of voters in a particular election, bringing an issue to national prominence and amount a significant proportion of the popular vote. Major parties often respond to this by adopting this issue in a subsequent election. After 1968, under President Nixon the Republican Party adopted a "Southern Strategy" to win the support of conservative Democrats opposed to the Civil Rights Movement and resulting legislation and to combat third parties with southern agendas. This can be seen as a response to the popularity of segregationist candidate George Wallace who gained 13.5% of the popular vote in the 1968 election for the American Independent Party.
In 1996, both the Democrats and the Republicans agreed to deficit reduction on the back of Ross Perot's popularity in the 1992 election. This severely undermined Perot's campaign in the 1996 election.
Third party officeholders
Third party officeholders in the U.S. are rare. Since the end of Reconstruction, there have been a total of 31 U.S. Senators, 111 Representatives, and 22 Governors who were not affiliated with a major party.